Analysis Of Robert Malthus s Old Impact On The...

Caleb Kesinger FYE: Social Science Robert Dean 10/31/16 Malthusianism was a movement that was begun by Robert Malthus in 1789 that had a big impact on the thinking, and teachings of many great geologists, and scientists. All of the men in this paper believe in this idea that population growth is going to grow faster than the growth of food, but they all have different solutions, and thoughts on the matter. Some believe that population is so out of control that we must contain it, and even find ways to drastically slow it down, while others believe that we need things like aggregate demand in order to keep the growing populations employed and not homeless. The first, and possibly the most intense man I am going to talk about is William Vogt. A huge fan of Thomas Malthus and his ideas, Vogt decided to contribute to the Malthusian movement with the writing of the book â€Å" Road to Survival†. This book ended up having a huge impact on the Malthusian upbringing or revival in the 1950s and 1960s.Vogt was a big follower of population c ontrol, and was very concerned about the population growing out of control. He believed that the fast economic growth, along with the quickly growing fertility rates, would destroy the environment, and would eventually lead our society to mass hunger, disease, and even war. He also believed that this population problem would eventually lead to the collapse of human civilization. Vogt even stated that â€Å"the day of judgement is at hand as man’s

The Most Dangerous Place For An African American - 893 Words

The object I will be observing and performing a cultural analysis on is a billboard ad, shown in Soho, Manhattan. It says the most dangerous place for an African American is in the womb†, with a picture of an African American child, as well as the website thatsabortion.com†. Objects and words used in today’s society can have a positive or negative effect on the citizens that view it. At first glance, this billboard is certainly looked at as negative, however upon taking a closer look and analyzing it , it might also be looked at as positive. One thing that is certain is that much of what is see in our everyday lives reveals to us the culture, time, and place that we live in today. This is a billboard, so it is obviously designed to be an enlarged advertisement that will catch a person’s attention when they pass by. Billboards are everywhere in this world, whether it be to get people talking about a certain product, or to send a â€Å"message† to ever yone that sees it. Most of the billboards are set up to be in highly populated areas or areas with a lot of travelers, for example the highway. Of course, this billboard was set up in one of the most popular places a person can think of, Manhattan. As a result, so many people from different races, cultures, and even places will see these advertisements and analyze it the way they want to. Regarding this billboard, probably most people who view it will automatically judge the African Americans and think thatShow MoreRelatedWomen s Unfair Fear By Gill Valentine Essay1483 Words   |  6 PagesThis scary thought has far more effects on women. This mental agony and fear dictates their path and sense of direction. This indeed restricts the places, facilities and the time a woman travels in order to feel and be safe. 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Torts - Egalitarianism And Distributive Justice

Questions: Read James Gordley, Tort Law in the Aristotelian Tradition in David G. Owen, Philosophical Foundations of Tort Law, (Oxford, 1995) 132. Note also that Peter Cane has written that corrective justice provides the structure of tort law within which distributive justice operates. Cane, Distributive Justice in Tort Law, New Zealand Law Review [2001], 401 at 413. Using the above as a starting point, analyse and discuss the relationship(s) between distributive justice and commutative justice in the following cases: Case 1 (Michigan Court of Appeals, USA): Taylor v. Kurapati, 600 N.W.2d 670 (Mich. App. 1999), 236 Mich. App. 315 available at https://www.leagle.com/decision/19991270600NW2d670_11238 Case 2 (High Court of Australia): Harriton v Stephens (2006) 226 ALR 391; [2006] HCA 15 (9 May 2006), available at https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/2006/15.html? Answers: Introduction: Distributive justice is concern about the distribution of socially allotted goods in a particular society. A society where supplementary disproportion in result does not take place would be well thought-out in a society directed by the doctrine of distributive justice[1]. The perception contains the obtainable number of goods, the procedure by which goods are to be dispersed, and the resultant allotment of the goods among the members of the entire society[2]. Where as a principal of commutative justice specifies that the process by which an individual ought to be treated in a provided category of action as well as transactions. In the concept of commutative justice the right of a person to be treated equally with others in the same class is prescribed . In this context various aspects relating to the distributive justice as well as the commutative justice are going to be discussed, its applicability, relevant measures and other collective essential elements of these two important con cepts with reference to two given case histories. Case 1: Here in the mentioned case, the plaintiff has filed a suit against the defendant who is a physician, on the ground that at the time of pregnancy of his wife, the defendant has tried ultrasound upon the pregnant lady by virtue of that the child took birth with several disabilities. The parents of the child that is the plaintiff filed the suit against the defendant with some sought of emotional aspect and the suit has been dismissed by the Wayne Circuit court, on the ground that in this regard there is no scope for emotional aspects, here the ultrasound was given with the due consent of the concern party, so the defendant cannot be held responsible for that [3]. The plaintiff approached to the appellate court of law. Under that scenario the cause of action arose on the basis of that the physician has not suggested the parents of the child about the possibility of disability at the time of taking birth. The law made in this regard that the woman will be at a liberty to decide her pregna ncy, whether she would like to keep the child in womb or she would like to terminate the pregnancy is totally depends upon the discretion of the concern woman. Here the doctrine of commutative justice came into action. The law prescribed that every woman shall have the liberty to determine her pregnancy, whether the child in her womb shall be aborted or not that also is decided by the woman herself. So, in this case the principal of commutative justice is applicable as to the entire to woman in general throughout the territory of the concern nation[4]. With this regard all the woman possesses a right to terminate her pregnancy. In a collective nature it can be observed that in accordance with the rule of commutative justice the right of the woman shall be consider a general right for all the woman[5]. All of the pregnant woman shall be treated equally as to implementation of their rights. Justice is not eternal; the scope of the doctrines relating to justice may change as per the situation demands[6]. Here the collective rights of the women in general is considered as per the rules of the commutative justice but in future it may be changed but not in suo moto manner it have to be changed in another case decided by the court of law with competent jurisdiction[7]. Case 2: The plaintiff, Alexia Harriton, a 25 years old lady with brutal innate disabilities that had been inflicted by infection of her mother along with therubella virusat the same time as pregnant with her.These disabilities made Harriton not capable to take care of herself. The respondent, Mr. Paul Richard Stephens, was a famous doctor, he was appointed for the treatment of Harriton's mother at the time of her pregnancy. Later than reviewing and conducting pathological investigations, the respondent advised the pregnant lady that she do not have any virus known as rubella virus.The mother of Harriton asserted that she would have like to terminate her pregnancy if it was known to her that her child is going to be disabled. At the time of litigation the plaintiff argued that the doctor has not taken proper care of the pregnant lady and has not examined her properly, for that purpose he was unable to disclose the fact that the child in her womb shall be a disable child. This was the case of wrongful life, but it has occurred due to the negligence from the part of the concern doctor. Justice Studdert has dismissed two out of three cases relating to wrongful life cases pending in front of him this case was also one of them; thereafter the plaintiff approached the appellate court of New South Wales. The court of law dismissed the appeal with two third majorities. In accordance with the statement of the Chief JusticeJames Spigelman, the suggestion that the responsibility of a doctor to an unborn baby extensive to carry out that, correctly completed, would show the way to the annihilation of the pregnancy "be supposed to not be acknowledged as it does not replicate principles usually, or still widely, considered in the population." [8]. Here in this case the principal laid down by the doctrine of distributive justice comes into action. The doctrine specifies that proper distribution of goods among the members of the society. In this case the goods does not signify any product or any commodity, here it signifies the right of the concern people. The right of the pregnant woman that is the mother of Harriton, she had the right to know about the disabilities of the child in her womb but that right has been infringed by the doctor. In general, the rights which are going to be distributed among all the women in the society, after settling down the subject matter in dispute. The right that shall be adjudicated by the court of law with competent jurisdiction shall bind all other inferior courts as to its applicability[9]. In this regard the doctrine of commutative justice is also applicable to a certain extend in the course of the litigation procedure. In this case commutative justice does not mean the actual way of treating a woman in the course of her treatment in pregnancy period. Regardless it deals with rights of a woman in the course of her pregnancy while having treatment from a recognize doctor. Conclusion: After the above discussion it can be summarized that every time the doctrine may not be applicable as to its literal meaning, in some cases it is implied in nature. In these two mentioned cases, the major concern is the rights of the women which have been infringed. All the term shall be meaningful to its grammatical or literal meaning is not correct, in this case both the doctrine of distributive justice as well as commutative justice is applicable in an implied manner. If anyone would like see the implementation of the actual literal meaning of those doctrines then it would be next to impossible as in this case the doctrine is applicable upon the right of the pregnant woman not upon any goods or commodities[10]. Reference [1] Tsachi Keren-Paz, Torts, Egalitarianism And Distributive Justice (Ashgate, 2007).[2] Julian Lamont, Distributive Justice (Ashgate, 2012).[3] Hans-W Micklitz, The Many Concepts Of Social Justice In European Private Law (Edward Elgar, 2011).[4] Theo Papaioannou, Reading Hayek In The 21St Century (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).[5] Carl Knight and Zofia Stemplowska, Responsibility And Distributive Justice (Oxford University Press, 2011).[6] Damien Conus, Commutative Justice (2001).[7] Thomas F McMahon, Ethical Leadership Through Transforming Justice (University Press of America, Inc., 2004).[8] Eric Laws, B Prideaux and K. S Chon, Crisis Management In Tourism (CABI, 2007).[9] Prue Vines, Law Justice In Australia (Oxford University Press, 2005).[10] Ellie Vasta and Stephen Castles, The Teeth Are Smiling (Allen Unwin, 1996).

Always outnumbered free essay sample

Always outnumbered, Always outgunned focuses on the life and experiences of a black ex-convict who in the daily dealings tries to redeem himself, in the eyes of society and himself. Divided in to various short stories, the reader follows the life and experiences of the protagonist, Socrates Fortlow.The chief protagonist is an ex-convict, who has had a turbulent and disturbing past whereby he had been involved in murder and other crimes, both in and out of jail. However, after he is discharged he seeks to reform and contribute effectively to the society. However, his stature as an ex-convict gives birth to hindrances for his motive of reforming and redeeming himself.The novel highlights the sufferings of the black community in a deeply racist and classical America; the protagonist, Socrates as his name implies has its stature raised to that of a deep thinker, a philosopher. In his journey the reader finds the intellectual growth of the hero who is giving his utmost to seek a decent life for himself. We will write a custom essay sample on Always outnumbered or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To undo the past injuries he has inflicted and to reform himself. In Socrates the readers would find some one to refer to for the difficulties he faces in redeeming himself stand symbolic for the difficulties the black community in America felt, in the 1990s.The turning point in Socrates life is his visit to the Capricorn bookstore, whereby he learns that life is not without a purpose, that we are alive because we have to contribute in some way or the other. That, we can be good despite being deviant. That life is about learning and reforming, not singing the same rough tune forever.This is the lesson of life that ex-convict Socrates learns and what makes him turn over a new leaf. He promised to stay inclined towards doing good to everyone and abstaining from letting his anger mould his actions, in an environment where his existence is undermined politically, socially and even economically.However, the racist society made it difficult for a black man to redeem himself for a stereotypical image was associated with them. One in which the rights of the blacks were undermined by the power of the whites. This racist environment made it arduous for him to control his temper and also raised difficulties for him to prevent himself for getting incarcerated again, for his existence as a human being was out rightly denied by the masses. As Socrates refers to in the book, â€Å"because the rules say a black man can’t have nothing† (Walter, 163).Socrates strives to stay pragmatic and avoid all emotional repercussions. His relationship with Darryl, a small boy who has the same tendencies as Socrates, paves way for Socrates to abstain someone else from treadin g the rocky path he had in his past. He serves not only as Darryl’s father figure but also as a friend. He differentiates the correct from Ferroneous for him. Staying firm with the boy, he tries to teach him the rules of life. And in return for that he acquires Darryl’s respect. He redeems himself in the eyes of a boy who knows the story of his life.Who accepts him for who he is and applauds him for his change. Socrates inculcates in Darryl the freedom to be himself and face his enemies despite the fact that he’ll â€Å"be always outnumbered, always outgunned† (Walter ,131). Not only that, but Socrates also serves as a helping hand for his former nemesis, Roland who is plagued by cancer, by showing his respect for humanity. By contrasting this respect and care that Socrates shows with that of the past where he had committed blasphemous crimes, in the eyes of the reader Socrates is enroute to seeking redemption for his past sins.However, the very assessment falls short as depicted in the chapter, â€Å"Letters to Theresa† where Socrates seeks to reconcile with his past, by attempting to apologize to his former girlfriend. However, the news of her death proves against the motive of his present life: redemption. However, the society racist behavior overshadows all his attempts at redeeming himself and fighting the volcano of rage that presides within him.For example, in equal opportunity he comes face to face with the prudish standards of society whereby he seeks employment in a store. Not only is he disrespected on the basis of his creed and color by the manager and assistant manager, but is also faced with hostility sprung on the basis of the stereotypical character the society has attributed to the black community: violent and undeserving. Therefore, by a close analysis of the book in accordance with the historical, political, social and economical structures represented it is safe to assert that the character of Socrates Fortlow is a symbol of the entire black community of America who suffers the same dilemma and the same injustices- at work and at play. The African community has been associated with a label of being convicts due to which they face difficulties in everyday dealings. Injustice plagues their life.This is what the reader is made acquainted to throughout the course of the book. In each of the 14 chapters, a new side of Socrates intellect is shown, where he thinks; he tries to undermine his violent self; he tries to contribute effectively to the society, to the people he comes across in his everyday dealings. He tries to make up for his bloody past actions through reforming himself in to a person devoid of all violence. He tries to learn to be patient in a world where he will be treated harshly. He tries to forgive and forget the insolent behavior people have towards him.He tries to soothe down in a world where legally his race is undermined. In such a world he tries to redeem himself. In the eyes of some he succeeds. In the eyes of the society he will always be an outcast.A person who no matter what he does can never truly attain redemption for his sins. People might think that he can not undo all the injuries he inflicted in the past but for the reader, the progression of Socrates character throughout the course of the book invokes pity for this character, in short in the eyes of the reader , Socrates has achieve redemption even though He states that Christians believe in redemption, thats true. But usually you have to die in order tget it. Marvane Street, pg 90. For him, redemption is in the hands of the divine lord and his efforts will bear no fruit in this racist world.References:Walter, M 1998, â€Å"Always Outnumbered, Always Outgunned† Published by W.W. Norton. Pages 131 And 163

Americas Growing Pains Essays - Quasi-War, , Term Papers

America's Growing Pains America's first two presidents, George Washington and John Adams, both resolutely adhered to the idea that America should endeavor to stay out of war at all times, and did everything in their power to evade declaring and entering into war. Throughout their reigns, war was ubiquitous in Europe, and many countries (especially Britain and France) made numerous attempts to obtain and secure America's support. Washington and Adams both believed that America should not side with any foreign country during times of war making the fundamental purport of America's first foreign policy the elusion of war at all costs. This policy was manifested throughout Washington and Adams' involvement in, and reactions to the following affairs: the Citizen Genet controversy, the Jay Treaty, and the XYZ Affair. One of Washington's initial attempts to pursue this policy was his counteraction to the Genet Affair. In 1793, George Washington proclaimed neutrality, thus declaring America an uninvolved, nonpartisan country in times of war. Simultaneously, Edmond Charles Genet was sent to the United States as a special representative from France to implore support in the French Revolution. Genet had previously resolved that the proclamation of neutrality was a ?harmless little pleasantry designed to throw dust in the eyes of the British?. Commencing in Charleston, South Carolina, Genet traveled throughout the United States presenting his credentials. In addition to his quest for support, he began to license American vessels to operate as privateers against British shipping and to grant French military commissions to a number of Americans in order to prepare expeditions against Spanish and British territorial claims in North America. These two actions were in direct defilement of American law. Washington demanded that he cease his unlawful actions, but Genet continued to commission privateers because he enticed the public opinion. This incident is a lucid manifestation of Washington's ample efforts to avoid war. Genet had copiously essayed to obtain American support in the French Revolution, and in accordance with America's foreign policy, Washington vehemently resisted any involvement in war. In an attempt to deplete the threat of Americans supporting the French, he avowed that Genet would be expelled. Washington's reaction to this controversy verified his foreign policy by showing that he was willing to avoid war at all costs, even if alliances were broken and foreign relations were damaged. In addition to Washington's response to the Genet affair, he further strived to avert involvement in war by signing the Jay Treaty. This treaty was written to prevent war with Britain, but concurrently it strained America's relationship with France by going against their alliance. The provisions made under this treaty did not benefit America whatsoever. Under the Jay Treaty, the British agreed to evacuate the posts in the west, promised to compensate American ship owners for seizures in the West Indies and vowed to open up their colonies in Asia to American ships. The US, however, refused to accept it, because a provision opening the British West Indies to American trade was so obstructed with credentials that limited the size of American vessels and the types of goods allowed. This treaty was embarrassing because most of what the US had gained was already legally theirs. Furthermore, the treaty relinquished important principles to a nation dependent upon foreign commerce. Many democratic Americans felt that this treaty made the United States appear to be selling out to Britain. Despite the negative aspects of the treaty, Washington believed that it was valuable for the United States. It augmented the indication that Washington would go to great lengths to avoid war, specifically humiliating the US and further maligning relations with France. Washington nonetheless held firmly to his foreign policy, advocating it to his successor and the American people in his ?Farewell Address'. John Adams became president in 1796 and continued to preserve Washington's foreign policy. One example that exhibits this was the XYZ Affair. The French began attacking American shipping because they were agitated by the Jay Treaty. John Adams then appointed three commissioners, Charles Pinckney, John Marshall and Elbridge Gerry, to try and arrange a moderate settlement that would eliminate their differences without mentioning the merits. This task was a disaster. Talleyrand, the French foreign minister, sent an agent, later called X, to demand that the Americans pay tributes to France. He also stated that the French would make a settlement only if the Americans agreed to pay these tributes. This demand was later made by two other agents known as Y and Z. The Americans refused and the talks eventually

How To Make Copper Acetate from Copper

How To Make Copper Acetate from Copper You can make copper acetate   [Cu(CH3COO)2] from common household materials to use in science projects and to grow natural blue-green crystals. Heres what you do: Materials copper (e.g., copper wire or pennies minted before 1982)hydrogen peroxidewhite vinegar Procedure Mix equal parts vinegar and hydrogen peroxide.Heat the mixture. You can bring it to a boil so that youre certain its hot enough, but once you reach that temperature, you can turn down the heat.Add copper. For a small amount of liquid, try about 5 pennies or a strip of copper wire. If you are using wire, make sure it is uncoated.Initially, the mixture will bubble and become cloudy. The solution will turn blue as copper acetate is produced.Wait for this reaction to proceed. Once the liquid clears up, heat the mixture until all the liquid is gone. Collect the solid, which is copper acetate. Alternatively, you can remove the mixture from heat, place the container in a place where it wont be disturbed, and wait for copper acetate monohydrate [Cu(CH3COO)2.H2O]  crystals to deposit on the copper. Copper Acetate Uses Copper acetate is used as a fungicide, catalyst, oxidizer, and as a blue-green pigment for making paint and other art supplies. The blue-green crystals are easy enough to grow as a beginner crystal-growing project. More Chemicals To Make Make Copper SulfateMake Sodium Acetate (Hot Ice)Make Ammonium Nitrate

Auditing Committee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Auditing Committee - Essay Example Audit Committees Introduction An audit committee can be defined as a committee that generally comprise of non-executive directors and is responsible for liaising between the board of directors and the external auditors (Parker, 1992). The responsibilities of audit committee encompass matters related to audits, financial reporting and internal control (Spira, 1998). Because of the importance of audit committees, major stock exchanges across the world such as US, UK, Canada, India, France, Australia, Honk Kong, Japan and Germany have given significant importance as a part of their listing requirements. Audit committees started from the US and percolated to other countries of the world. Audit committee of an organization is expected to perform the following activities: Make recommendations in the area of external auditor to the Board of Directors. These include selecting the external auditor, deciding the audit fees, renew/terminate the contract with the external auditor, decide the sco pe of work done by external auditor and other liaising activities between the external auditor and BoD. ... r major contributions that an audit committee can make to the corporate governance of an organization are (Cobb, 1993): Reduction of board liability Establishing a link between the external auditor and the board Reduction of illegal activity and Proper representation of the financial statements Besides these, audit committees also reduce the agency cost of an organization. This is achieved by reduction in the information asymmetries between executive and non-executive directors (Eichenseher and Shields, 1985; Pincus et al., 1989). Audit committees also lead to reduction in the legal liability of the directors. Audit committees also help the process of corporate governance by: enabling BoD to meet their responsibility; improving auditor independence (Bradbury, 1990); and strengthening the role of non-executive directors (Porter and Gendall, 1998). Audit committees ensure that the external audit has performed its job well. At the same time they are also responsible for ensuring the rel iability of the internal audit processes. This aspect of the audit committee will strengthen the overall audit process and positively impact the corporate governance of the organization. Audit committees also lead to generation of wealth for shareholders. This is based on the premise that non-executive directors are more likely to act in the interest of the shareholders (Rosentein and Wyatt, 1990). Limitations of audit committees Although audit committees play a very pivotal role in managing the corporate governance of an organization, there are certain areas which do not fall under the preview of the committee. An audit committee is not responsible to plan and conduct audits. At the same time, an audit committee is not responsible to determine if the company’s financial statements are

Organizational Behavior and HR in Sony Corporation Assignment

Organizational Behavior and HR in Sony Corporation - Assignment Example Kalyanaram and Gurumurthy (2008) offer that businesses that are the first to market in certain industries have a significant competitive advantage over competitors. Theory indicates that when buyers perceive a satisfactory product or achievement of effective customer service, risk averse customers often develop attachments to the pioneering product or brand; therefore they are unwilling to switch to new late movers’ products. Oftentimes, these buyers assess the late entrant against the first mover with adverse assessments in favour of the pioneer (Kalyanaram and Gurumurthy 2008). Sony was not able to launch innovative products (such as the LCD television) before competition, therefore the market had established brands with positive consumer sentiment about the brands that is difficult to undo for a late mover. The presence of competitive product offerings and new innovative products is what served as the first catalyst for change at the firm that required restructuring to meet and adapt to market needs more rapidly. Slocum and Lei (2005) reinforce the dangers of increased globalisation that make change a constant phenomenon, especially for businesses that operate in multiple business divisions and product categories, such as the conglomerate Sony. Industries are defined in theory as â€Å"ecosystems through which businesses compete for customers and are significantly inter-dependent based on changes in local or international markets† (Slocum and Lei 2005, p.35). Globalisation opens new markets for new competitive entrants into a market, breaking down the political barriers or improving supply networks that facilitate more rapid and cost-effective production with competition. Sony was witnessing many new market entrants offering unique products that were gaining attention and recognition from important revenue-building markets, essentially shortening the product life cycle of many of its previously-profitable products such as the PlayStation gaming console and older cathode ray tube television sets. Sony was now facing competition that sustained the resources and talents needed to produce innovative products. This challenge of competitive innovations was built through increased globalisation, thus Sony could no longer sustain the growth of existing Sony products, forcing the business to be more adaptable and flexible in providing similar competitive products. Consumer markets were favouring competitive products which continued to erode market share from Sony, making change driven by competitive product introductions forcing the need for continuous change practices to be developed in order to remain relevant in its technology markets. As market circumstances continue to evolve, contingency theory states that the organisation’s internal structure must adapt in order to remain competitively relevant (Buchanan and Huczynski 2010). It was not until the new CEO Howard Stringer joined Sony that the business became aware that continuous change in the external market was causing a need for rapid internal restructuring in order to adapt properly to market conditions and more prevalent competitive practices in manufacturing and marketing. Sony relied heavily on its electronics division to generate profitability, therefore the business was forced to centralise decision-making so that the electronics division maintained authority over key areas of business. The business could no longer respond quickly enough to meet competitive actions in the market,

Medicine Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medicine - Lab Report Example FEV1 or FEV 1 / EVC % ration between males and females. Heart Rate is defined as the number of heart contractions in 1minute and Stroke Volume is the amount of blood ejected by heart in each beat. Cardiac output in a resting individual of average size is about 5 liters/minute. In an untrained individual heart rate is about 72 beats per minute so stroke volume is about 70 milliliters. 2. OXYGEN CARRYING CAPACITY OF BLOOD: Hemoglobin present in our Red Blood Cells binds the Oxygen present in the blood and forms Oxyhemoglobin during pulmonary circulation. The blood is circulated to different parts of the body including skeletal muscles. 3. SKELETAL MUSCLE MASS: Of the three factors determining maximum oxygen consumption, the most important is the role of skeletal muscle. The larger the mass of exercising skeletal muscle , greater the potential for increasing whole body oxygen consumption. Example: A runner running on a treadmill at a given speed requires certain amount of oxygen. If he increases the speed, the amount of oxygen required would also increase. The runner keeps increasing the speed and hence the corresponding oxygen requirement also increases until a point is reached where he can't increase the speed. The volume of Oxygen used by muscles at that point is optimum which is defined as VO2 Max. GREIWE, J. S., L. A. KAMINSKY, M. H. WHALEY, and G. B. DWYER. ... The volume of Oxygen used by muscles at that point is optimum which is defined as VO2 Max. EXPLAINING VO2 MAX TO A LAYMAN VO2 Max: - V= Volume, O2 =Oxygen & Max= Maximum VO2 Max is calculated in "ml/Kg/min" Example: If my client is 24Year old and his VO2 Max is 24 ml/Kg/m, As for a layman I will explain him that in 1 minute, 1 Kg of his body weight consume a maximum of 24 ml of oxygen to provide energy. COMPARING VO2 MAX RESULTS WITH ASTRAND AND YMCA TESTS GREIWE, J. S., L. A. KAMINSKY, M. H. WHALEY, and G. B. DWYER. Evaluation of the ACSM sub maximal ergo meter test for estimating VO2max. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. Vol. 27, No. 9, pp. 1315-1320, 1995. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the reliability and validity of maximal oxygen uptake estimates (ESTmax) from the ACSM sub maximal cycle ergo meter test. Subjects included 15 men and 15 women aged 21-54 yr who performed two sub maximal tests and one maximal cycle ergo meter test to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). During the sub maximal tests, heart rates (HR) were recorded from a radio telemetry monitor. ESTmax was predicted for both sub maximal trials by extrapolating HR to an age-predicted maximal HR. Correlation coefficient and standard error of measure (SEmeas) for ESTmax between submaximal trials were r = 0.863 and SEmeas = 0.40 l. min-1, while a t-test revealed no significant difference between trials. Although trial means were not significantly different, la rge variation in individual cases was evident by the high SEmeas (0.40 l.min-1) and by a large SEmeas expressed as a percentage of the mean (13%). The mean of the two ESTmax significantly overestimated measured VO2max with percent error, total error,

The Effect of Divorce on Children

The Effect of Divorce on Children Divorce and their effect on children Introduction: One of the prime feature of the modern age happens to be the rising index of performance pressure and market competition. Immaterial of the genre, competition happens to be the order of the day in the current times. Quite naturally we see that the pressure, tension and the anxiety quotient in the current times is on an ever increase. The people in this age always happen to on the edge of everything and are running an inevitable race for their retribution. Everything I seems depends on the results or the outcome of this race, the survival of the fittest has become the order of the day. Quite naturally we see that the modern men and women always happen to be in a frenzy regarding the quality of their output or performance. It seems that being on the top is what that matters the most at the of the day. Hence this almost barbaric pressure at work often takes a toll on the personal health and the personal lives of the current age men and women. Family life in the course of events takes ab ack seat and relationships often becomes a second priority. Hence one hand if professional excellence marks the era, on the other hand dilapidation of the institution of relationships is also a quintessential feature of the reigning times. Quite naturally the unfortunate event of breaking down of relationships, an often example of which is found in the divorce settlements of married couples happens to be a regular feature in the current times. The research in its discourse tries to analyze the hidden effects of these divorces on the unfortunate and innocent children of these couples who happens to face the worse brunt of these divorce cases. Problem Statement: As mentioned in the earlier segment although divorce is a settlement that happens between two individuals the brunt is often born by more people than just the man and the woman who decides to part their ways. It has been observed that although divorce is an unfortunate event and is disliked by people and societies all over the world but there are certain more orthodox societies to whom the implications of such an event happens to be all the more grave and perilous. In such societies breaking down of marriages are seen as the worst social dishonor that can be brought down to the families of the man and woman involved in the decision. The situation happens to be all the more grave and disturbing if children are involved. As clearly stated earlier although the decision of parting ways happens to be that of the man and the woman who are living as husband and wife, the total effect of the situation is worst on that of the psyche of the children of the couples. Every research has a statement that happens to be the protagonist idea or concern of the discussion, investigation of which adds further significant dimensions to the discussion. The statement in this case happens to be the facet of the effects of the process of divorce between a couple that can be observed on the psyche of their children. On the pivot of this statement the research delves deeper into the psychological problems that has often been found to develop in the personalities of the children from the broken homes and the consequences of the same that has been recorded pertaining to the society and their own families that gets build up in the future. The problem statement reflects and revolves around the effects of divorce that has been observed on the children especially against the traditional backdrop of UAE society. Research Question: Every research has a few questions stated clearly within the scope of their discussion. I fact it can be said that the course of the research proceeds with the answers that are found in the investigation of the said questions. These questions happens to elucidate the basic points of concern that happens to be the protagonist ideas of the research. In this context it can be said that there is a popular belief that every research is to have as single question answering which will be the sole aim of the research discourse. However in this reference it can be said that a said research can have more than a single question as the central attention of the scope of research. Along with the main or the protagonist question new cans ay that there can be a number of other tributary and distributary questions answering which can be also within the scope of the research. In fact the answers to these tributary and distributary questions might add new dimensions to the research. In the case of our research the main question happens to be is to evaluate the effects of divorce that can be observed on the children of the broken home. The research happens to be set against the particular backdrop of UAE. However in addition to the main question there will be certain other allied questions that will also have to be answered in the course of the research. Following are the other questions that also has to be answered in the course of the discussion: What can be the consequences of the effects of divorce in the future? How does the society gets effected by these children from broken homes in the coming future. What are ways that society can help rebuild the personality and the future of these children. What are the steps that the parents can take to comfort and support their children as parents to their children and jot as a couple after their separation. How to treat such children Research Objectives: The objectives of a research often happens to be to bring about certain effects or to influence the filed in which the research is being conducted or regarding which investigations are being made. The objective for all researches happens to create a difference in the future and to alter the way things are being done in the present. The objective in short of all researches is to make a positive contribution in the filed of research so that the society can see a better tomorrow. Our research happens to be no different. The investigation that we are making into the effects of divorce that has been observed in the children from the broken homes also has its main objective of giving these children a better future by suggesting means and methods to them, their families and the society in general regarding the kind of help that they can extend to these little hearts and minds in the times of some very grave challenges. Following are the objectives that can be listed of our said research: Finding ways and means through which the friends and families can support and comfort children facing the trauma. Make the parents realize the difficulty that they have put their children into and hence the support that they can extend. Creating awareness in the society regarding the responsible and sensitive behavior that the children should be getting from their immediate society. To create an awareness and realization amongst the mature generation, regarding the problems that they throw in the ways of their little ones due to the brash and irresponsible behaviors of theirs’. Conclusions: On a concluding note it can be said that divorce is probably the last resort that is left as an option to the couples. In case the couple also happens to be parents, their decision regarding the future must take in to account their responsibility as a father and a mother and must be in alignment with the task of giving their children a promising and stable future.

Affirmative action Essays -- essays research papers

Affirmative action is a term used to describe rules and regulations that were established to protect minorities and women from being discriminated against (Simmons 1982). Affirmative action has changed the way people were treated since it was first brought into order in 1961 by president John F. Kennedy through executive order 10925(Alexander 1999). It helped established more opportunities for minorities and women in education, employment and housing (Dietz 2001). Nevertheless, affirmative action has caused much controversy in our society and whether it has benefited America (Altschiller 1991). As a result, there are those who believe minorities have benefited, yet the dominant group has suffered. Before the passing of executive order 10925, minorities and women were treated unfairly. Before president Kennedy brought the executive order into action, minorities suffered a great deal of discrimination. In the past, minorities were abolished from specific areas. For instance they were not allowed to use the same bathrooms as whites (Alexander 1999). The minorities were spatially segregated from the rest of society meaning outsides did not accept them; they weren’t allowed to obtain certain jobs, live in close proximity to the dominant group or receive the same educational opportunity (Parrillo 2003). After Kennedy, president Lyndon Johnson established several laws that helped establish better opportunities for minorities such as his â€Å" Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 1965 and then the office of Federal Compliance in 1967†(Alexander 1999). In addition, he was simultaneously establishing the Fair Housing Act as well as the Economic Opportunity Act. The Civil Rights Movement was one of the major contributors to the establishment of the parity laws. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made it possible that the federal level could enforce the law on those who violated it, which helped give minorities the protection they needed from the Dominant group. After the implementation of affirmative action and the laws that followed, â€Å"the proportion of blacks in white-collar jobs grew from 10% to 24% and the ratio of black median family income to white rose from 55% to 62%†(Alexander 1999). As one can clearly see, there were major improvements for minorities. They were given more opportunities to contribute to society without facing discrimination from businesses, educa... ... affirmative action. Furthermore, how much someone earns is usually based on their ethnic background and their gender. Affirmative action has caused controversy and will continue to cause it for years to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works citied Alexander, A. & Jacobson K. (1999). Affirmative Action. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research: A Critical Reconnaissance, 23(3) 9p Altschiller d. (1991). The reference shelf: Affirmative Action. New York: The H. W. Wilson Company Dietz, T. (2001). Sociological Spectrum. The unrelenting significance of minority statuses: gender, ethnicity, and economic attainment since affirmative action. 21(1) 20p Friedl, J. (1999). Change. Documentation of how affirmative action benefits all students, 31(4) 6p Gross B. (1977). Reverse Discrimination. New York: Prometheus Books. Parrillo, V. (2003). Strangers to these shores.Boston: The Book Company Simmons, R. (1982). Affirmative Action: Conflict and Change in Higher Education after Bakke. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Thomas, W. Review of Black Political Economy. Mitigating Barriers to Black Employment through Affirmative Action Regulations: a case study. 27(3) 22p

Safeguarding Legislation

Unit 025: Understand How to Safeguard the Wellbeing of Children and Young People1.1: Outline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young peopleSafeguarding means taking steps to ensure children and young people feel safe and secure within the home and the setting, protecting them from abuse and neglect, ensuring that they stay safe and continue to positively develop physically, emotionally and mentally into adulthood. The table below is an outline of the main, current legislation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people:Policy Brief description/outcome The Children Act 1989 Moved emphasis on parental role from having rights over children to having a responsibility to their children. Recognises children have rights: To be listened to and discuss their concerns Protected from harm To have their rights explained to them Have their wishes and concerns considered in decision making about them Have these decisions explained to them Refuse a medical examination(UN Convention on Rights of the Child 1989) (Ratified by the UK 1991 but not formally adopted as UK Law. Has 54 articles including: Rights to be heard, safe, protected Rights to have a choice, Parents/guardians have a right to support with their parental responsibilities) Protection of Children Act 1999 (Progress Report 2009) Formalises responsibilities and role of Local Authorities in child protection. This introduced the Criminal Records Bureau and required all childcare organisations not to employ people (either salaried or voluntary) who would come in regular contact with children or young people listed on the DoH and DoEd as unsuitable to work with them. Every Child Matters 2003A Framework recognising bringing together services (Multi-Agency Working) to support children and their families to: (S) Be safe (H) Be healthy (E) Enjoy and achieve (learn while playing) (E) Economic well-being (equal opportunity) (P) Making a positive contributionThe Children Act 2004 Passed to improve child protection and ensure better multi-agency working. Introduced a Children’s Commissioner to promote the well-being and safeguarding of children and young people and placed a duty on local authorities to appoint a Director of Children’s Services to be accountable for multi-agency working and the services provided. Changed legislation on physical punishment making it an offence to hit a child if it causes mental harm or leaves a lasting mark. Working Together to Safeguard Children 2006Â  (Updated 2013)Introduced the term Safeguarding and provided statutory guidance on how organisations and individuals should work together to safeguard and promote the well-being of children and young people. Introduced the EYFS which became statutory in 2008 (updated 2012) Every Local Authority had the remit to set up Local Safeguarding Boards for children at risk. All settings to have Safeguarding Policies an d Procedures.East Sussex County Council (ESCC) website – Czone portal has all the up-to-date information including the above Policies and Procedures and the Safeguarding Board. Vetting and Barring Scheme Children are protected by ensuring that people who are judged to be at risk of causing harm are not allowed to work with them. CRB became Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) 2013

Describe your chosen organisation Essays

Describe your chosen organisation Essays Describe your chosen organisation Essay Describe your chosen organisation Essay Essay Topic: The Chosen The organisation I have chosen for my assignment is The Pier Hotel. This is a small business located in the heart of Limerick city. It has 55 bedrooms and is home to The Quays Bistro Bar and Restaurant, which is a modern sports themed bar. The building is located on Sarsfield Street, Limerick and was previously used as an apartment building with a cafe on the ground floor called Blueberry Hill. In 1999 the building was sold and the new owner opted for construction for a new business. He had the building renovated into a hotel and leased it out as The Sarsfield Bridge Hotel. It was a thriving business from the week of opening boasting river and castle views, beautifully decorated rooms and restaurant which served great food at reasonable prices. The Sarsfield Bridge Hotel was taken over by new management in 2004, but the reputation of the hotel only grew. In 2008 shortly after the recession hit Ireland the Sarsfield Bridge Hotel closed due to insufficient business levels. Later the same year The Kenny Group, a local Limerick based company, turned the hotel into a hostel for people seeking refuge. The potential in the hotel was seen again by a local business man; he bought the property and refurnished the establishment in an attempt to bring it back to its original success as it was as The Sarsfield Bridge Hotel. He also renamed the hotel to The Pier Hotel. Although, it has yet to reach the level success it used to maintain before recession The Pier Hotel has upheld business and gained more popularity in the past year alone. I really wanted to choose this particular business because of its history. I thought that good or poor customer service would have been a major factor in varying success under different management. An internal customer is someone who works within a business and works as part of a team to provide the best possible service. Take a hairdressers for example; a receptionist makes appointments, the hairdresser styles/cuts hair and the apprentice cleans the area used by the hairdresser. If the receptionist logs an appointment incorrectly it can have a bad effect on the hairdresser and the customer. Or if the apprentice does not clean the area of the last customer can cause for business not to be up to standard. External customers are basically the everyday run of the mill person who is connected to that organisation by way of purchasing a product from that business. For example, a person walks into a bookstore and pays for a book are now an external customer. (Twomey 2012, p. 5) Corporate: These are customers in which supply/receive large supplies to/from a company. An example of this would be when a hospital orders linen, cleaning items/medical supplies they become a corporate customer of the business selling them. (Twomey 2012, p. 5) Internal Customers of The Pier Hotel Employees of a hotel have to communicate with all departments at all times to maintain the smooth running of the establishment. The reception is the face of this company as it is the first thing you see as you enter the hotel, and it is where you go for any information or to give feedback about the other departments. A function sheet is given and updated on a daily basis to ensure all departments and staff members are up to date with the current events of the hotel. For example; if the hotel were hosting a birthday function and the customer wanted to make a change in the guest list by having an additional 20 people, this would mean all departments would have to make adjustments. The kitchen would need to order extra food, the bar would need to roster a another staff member on that night, front office would need to adjust the invoice and accommodation would need to have an extra staff member on the next morning to make sure the bar and restaurant is sufficient for breakfast. External Customers of The Pier Hotel Being a hotel, The Pier has many types of external customers. The majority of hotels refer to their customers as Guests. A guest is a customer who has reserved a room in the establishment, although they may eat at the restaurant, or have a beverage at the bar they are still referred to as guest. Whereas, a person who makes a reservation for the restaurant or just walks in to have a meal or visit the bar, is known as either a customer or patron. The hotel offers a function room for events such as birthday parties, office parties, christening etc.and the external customers that book such a function are known in the hotel as an event customer. Corporate Customers of The Pier Hotel The hotel may be a small business but it has a big corporate customer base. To keep the business flowing in a smooth manner the hotel depends on various suppliers to deliver facilities for daily use. Take the accommodation department for example, this department needs cleaning supplies, laundry service and room conveniences (milk, tea, coffee, shower cap, soap etc. ) to maintain the 55 bedrooms at a high standard for guests. This means that the hotel requires another company, such as cleaning supplier, to provide the service and therefore become a corporate customer. Another type of corporate customer of The Pier Hotel is known as corporate guests. When a business is sending an associate to Limerick for training or other purposes they are a corporate guest as the company is paying for their stay. This is good for the hotel and the business in question as the hotel now has a long term or repeat guest (a guest who returns on a regular basis) and the business gets a special rate that saves on company expense, so they become corporate customers of each other.

Climate in the Northern vs Southern Hemispheres

Climate in the Northern vs Southern Hemispheres You may think that weather is virtually the same worldwide, but on the contrary, the type of weather you experience is somewhat unique to which part of the world you live in. Events like tornadoes, which are commonplace here in the United States, are a rarity in other countries. Storms we call hurricanes are known by another name in the worlds far oceans. And perhaps one of the most well known- which season youre in depends on which hemisphere (which side, north or south, of the equator youre on)- Northern or Southern- you live in. Why do the Northern and Southern Hemispheres see opposite seasons? Well explore this answer, plus other ways their weather is strikingly different from the others.   1. Our Opposite Hemispheres Have Opposite Seasons December may be ... but our neighbors in the Southern Hemisphere rarely ever see snow on Christmas (except in Antarctica) for one simple reason- December begins their summer season.   How can this be? The reason why is the same as why we experience seasons at all- the Earths tilt. Our planet doesnt sit perfectly upright, but rather, leans 23.5 ° from its axis (the imaginary vertical line through Earths center which points toward the North Star). As you may know, this  tilt is what gives us the seasons. It also orients the Northern and Southern Hemispheres in opposite directions so that whenever one points its innermost toward the sun, the other aims away from the sun. Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Winter Solstice December 21/22 June Spring Equinox March 20/21 September Summer Solstice June 20/21 December Fall Equinox September 22/23 March 2. Our Hurricanes and Low-Pressure Systems Spin in Opposite Directions In the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis force, a which deflects to the right, gives hurricanes their signature counter-clockwise spin. but spin counter-clockwise. Because Earth rotates to the east, all free-moving objects such as wind, low-pressure areas, and hurricanes are deflected to the right of their path of motion in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemi. Theres a misconception that because of the Coriolis force, even water in bathrooms spirals clockwise down the drain- but this isnt true! Toilet water isnt of a large enough scale for the Coriolis force so its effects on it are negligible.   3. Our Milder Climate Take a moment to compare a map or globe of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres...what do you notice? Thats right! Theres more landmass north of the equator and more ocean to its south. And since we know that water warms and cools more slowly than land does, we can guess that the Southern Hemisphere has a milder climate than the Northern Hemisphere,

Capitalism and Socialism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Capitalism and Socialism - Term Paper Example Petras (2004) says that the debate between socialism and capitalism is still pressing and he even claims that the battle of ideas has begun to intensify. Petras (2004) continues that the social indicator show that the real capitalism is considerable worse than the full employment and steady employment rates that existed during the socialist period. Another author Bala (2009) argues that critics of capitalism describe it as unfair and distribution of wealth and power. Capitalist economic system has the tendency to create market monopoly or oligopoly. Bala (2009) observes that capitalism can also lead to imperialism, various forms of economic and cultural exploitation. An example of this kind of exploitation is the outsourcing business. U.S companies have discovered that Indian engineers for example can handle the production as professionally as any U.S specialist, however price twice as lower. Thus, many corporations outsourced their business to India and Chine in an attempt to cut co sts. Critics of capitalism argue that the imperialism which is associated with this system can also establish social alienation and inequality. Bala (2009) quotes such statements expressed by many socialists as irrational, because the economy has no direction and is unplanned, consequently it can create internal contradictions and inconsistencies. Over the last 20 years the countries from the former Soviet Block in Eastern Europe are trying to transit from socialism to capitalism. All basic industries from energy, mining, communication, trade to infrastructure have been taken over by private corporations. However, this transition and privatization do not seem to reflect the capitalist ideas and many countries from Eastern Europe are not swept by massive unemployment, gang groups, uncontrollable migration waves, relative economic instability, money laundring and illegal transfers. Bala (2009) poses that socialism is mainly criticized, because it is incompatible with civil liberties and it political model is not efficient with the general social, human performances. Friedrich Hayek (cited by Bala 2009) argues that a socialist economy can not adequately communicate the information about the productive quotas due in most cases to shortage in price mechanism. Furthermore Hayek (cited by Bala 2009) debates that the social control over the distribution allotment of wealth and private property preached by socialists can not be accomplished without a considerable reduction in prosperity and loss of economic and political freedom. This statement is proved by the Soviet Union socialist satellite countries which after the fall of the regime seem to have been lost in their attempts to revive their economies. Another negative aspect of the socialism is that it creates authoritarian regimes. All sectors of the economy are operated by the one personality usually the head of the state. The supporters from each of the commented economic systems argues that life is more satisfactory under their preferred system. Vivier (2003) says that capitalists refuse to agree that imposing capitalists values and economic doctrines on the "Third World" countries, only made their economic status worse. It increased their misery and poverty and the labor force was directly pushed into the hands of Western industrial capitalists. The capitalists values

Opinion Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Opinion - Article Example Genetic analysis using the most modern methodologies alone can help recreate the ancestral relation of modern man to each of its ancestors and help track down the origin of man. Introduction Based on the study of fossils by paleoanthropologists, it was established that Homo Erectus was present in East Africa nearly 2 million years ago (Pic1). Homo Erectus is known to have large cranial capacity and was conversant with hunting however was still unfamiliar with methods of building or agriculture. Most scientists believe that Homo Erectus moved out of Africa where they slowly developed into Neanderthals and other homo erectus groups. Out of the two proposed hypotheses for the origin of man, the out-of-Africa hypothesis, though debated upon, is largely supported with fossil evidences and genetic analysis. According to the article selected, genetic analysis of homo sapiens or the modern man shows that Homo sapiens descended from Homo erectus in Africa nearly 200,00 years ago. Post this, H omo sapiens moved out of Africa to different places such as Asia, Europe and later to Australia and America. Thus, gradually Homo Sapiens are said to have replaced all the Homo Erectus according to the out-of-Africa theory. One of the most important evidences to support this is mt DNA analysis of African and non-African populations. Mitochondrial analysis clearly reveals that the mt DNA (mitochondrial Dna), which is the DNA extracted from mitochondria, sequence diversity is greater among Africans than that of non-Africans thereby establishing the point that the ancestors of Homo Sapience must have had diverged in the African region. DNA sequences obtained from Y-chromosome or mitochondria support the fact that the roots of the modern man are based in east Africa. DNA analysis also establishes that large scale migration of Homo sapiens occurred out of the East African region to Ethiopia, Eurasia, Asia etc More advanced genetic analytic studies like that of single nucleotide polymorph ism (SNP) or microsatellite study also supports the fact that the modern man originated in Africa and then spread to other parts of the world.However, there are several unanswered questions regarding this migration and the out-of-Africa hypothesis. BODY 1. Mark Stoneking and Johannes Kruase compared the DNA sequence of Neanderthal to that of modern day mani. The mt DNA of the Neanderthals differed vastly from that of Homo sapiens. Newer studies suggest admixture i.e. interbreeding of species where genetic material exchanges are seen. The out-of-Africa theory was tested according to which â€Å"a single dispersal from Africa followed by separate migrations from this ancestral non-African source population, and this scenario receives the strongest support from the data (P = 0.74)† (Stoneking & Kruase). I feel that the previous out-of-Africa theory needs to be modified since genome analysis provides a direct relationship according to which it is seen that Neanderthals and Deniso van genomes diverged from hominin genome. After this the sister groups i.e. Neanderthal and Denisovan diverged and migrated as admixtures while the rest of the hominins in Africa gradually became the modern man. Therefore, the prior belief that Homo sapiens evolved entirely in Africa before migrating to other places is modified into the fact that hominins diverged into groups which interbred and this admixture migrated to other places

Network Design management (Dissertation) Literature review

Network Design management (Dissertation) - Literature review Example Theoretical framework: OSI reference model: The OSI model (operation systems interconnection) is used to distribute the internal activities of a communications system into a number of layers (Kozierok, 2005). The model distributes the communication system into seven different logical layers where each layer is designed to perform a unique function. The seven layers are given below: Layer 1: The first layer is known as the physical layer. The first layer is used to specify the physical and electrical needs of the device. The physical layer basically provides a connection between the transmission medium i.e. the communication cable and the device itself. Other than that the physical layer sets up the connection with the communicating device, terminates the communication and the conversion of digital data into analogue signals (Kozierok, 2005). Layer 2: The second layer of the OSI model is the data link layer. The data link layer is responsible for detecting any errors that occur at the first level of the device. In addition the data link layer also handles the flow control of the packets of data. The data link layer is divided into two parts the MAC (Media Access Control) layer and the LLC (Logical Link Control) layer. The MAC layer handles all the activities that allow the device to gain permission to access a network and to transmit the data packet. While the LLC layer is responsible for handling the flow control, error checking and flow control of the data packet (Kozierok, 2005). Layer 3: The third layer is called the network layer and it creates virtual paths on which the data packet is transmitted. Moreover the network layer is responsible for congestion control and addressing the packet (Kozierok, 2005). Layer 4: The fourth layer is the transport layer ensures that the entire data packet layer is transferred from the sender’s end to the receiver’s end. Layer 5: The session layer is responsible for establishing sessions between the sender†™s applications and the receiver’s application. Layer 6: The presentation layer encrypts and decrypts the message from the data packet. The application layer transforms the data into a form that the application can understand. The application layer encrypts the data in such a way that data transferred faces no compatibility issues (Kozierok, 2005). Layer 7: The application layer is the layer with which the user has the most interaction. The application layer supports all the user applications and the user’s activities. User authentication, quality of service and privacy are taken into account at this layer (Kozierok, 2005). E-governance engineering methodology: There has been a lot of work and research carried out regarding the performance measurements used within the public sector. Measuring the service quality and performance monitoring are just some of examples where significant progress has been made. However, there always has been an issue of how these factors a re to be integrated with various process of designing and development processes that are regularly used for e-governance projects (Carter et al., 1995). By adopting and implementing the correct methodology the integration of e-governance process and planning and designing services could become a possibility. There have been a

Experiential Learning Essay Example for Free

Experiential Learning Essay Growing up in a southern state with traditional family and religious values has made transitioning into college life a bit difficult. Questioning myself and my own bias from my experiences in life is an ongoing process, as I wonder â€Å"is it me? † or its possible that I feel strongly about issues because my values and ethics overshadow all. I feel as if I move from a state of passive to aggressive in my actions just as I do my own state of internal feeling of who I am. Sometimes I feel like I have been treated unfairly both as a child and now, simply for being female. In my actions I sometimes pretend that this does not bother me and that a woman’s place is in the home, being a good mother and wife, bit other times I lash out when this is expected of me from my church, family, and some facets of society. I struggle in this passive aggressive way in my own religion too. As a Baptist, sometimes I feel like the teachings are true and correct and that social issues, such as homosexuality are undesirable and need to be â€Å"fixed†. Other times, however, I feel like homosexuality and other so-called social issues brought up in the church should not be treated like diseases and we have no business trying to â€Å"cure† others. Growing up white, female, and very religious, I was taught ideals that seemed to contradict themselves. The most notable cases were of people in poverty. We were not a poor family, but I would see a great majority of people in my state of Tennessee living in very unpleasant conditions. From teachings of the church and my family, I was taught to help those, who cannot help themselves. But, the irony was that most conservative people around believed that everyone could help themselves and that their state of poverty was simply due to laziness. I remember thinking that I was just a kid and had no control over my home life and that these other impoverished kids I would see could not help their situation any more that I could. So it was confusing that no one seemed to go out of their way (with a few exceptions) to help poor people back home. We were, also, expected to treat people equally and not have any â€Å"hate in our hearts† for anyone for any reason. It wasn’t obvious to my friends and I that our parents were in any way bigoted toward minorities, because they didn’t use racial slurs or openly discuss their dislike for other races. But, when my friends and I started becoming older and noticing boys, our parents wouldn’t hide their shock when we said that we had an attraction for a boy of another race. Then I realized that my parents did not believe in interracial relationships and for awhile I thought that it was not racist, but now I see that my upbringing was all twisted together with racism, sexism, and contempt for the poor and homosexuality. Like many southern girls, I was supposed to find a nice man to marry and going to college was the way to find this man. My family and the society I grew up in had all these expectations of me, hidden agendas, and covert prejudices that I am still trying to understand fully. I want to be treated like an intelligent woman, whose ideas have merit. I get so angry and feel aggressive when people believe that college is just a â€Å"hobby† and that I am here just to find â€Å"Mr. Right†, I am tired of all the years of playing the passive role of the quiet and complacent â€Å"southern belle†. I, also, want to widen my base of friends to include people who do not let religion become a barrier to their lives. Many times from what I have seen in the church, people mindlessly believe what the preacher says and don’t take time to understand that everyone is human and should be treated fairly. I wish I had the courage to go to speak to people, who are homosexual, but I still can’t. This is one of the goals I am working on now.

1031 Exchanges Essay -- essays research papers

Final Paper â€Å"1031 Exchanges – Insight for the real estate investor† This paper is written to provide a reasonably comprehensive overview of Section 1031 of the IRC as it pertains to real estate transactions, and to offer some thoughts on the wealth-creation advantages that 1031 Exchanges offer. For the greater part of the last decade, we in the United States have been witness to a consistently appreciating real estate market. Sometimes it seems that almost anyone who has purchased a house, piece of property, or other real estate type investment has done very well. I personally can point to a few examples where friends of mine have made several hundred times their first home equity investment. In sales of primary homes there is a tax advantage that the IRS permits, as long as the proceeds are invested into another home, the capital gains on your existing home sale are exempt from taxation. However, if the property in question is an investment, a capital gain tax is assessed every time there is a sale that includes a gain. A tax strategy that investors can employ in such situations is to transfer their investment property for another investment of â€Å"like-kind†, this is a Section 1031 Exchange. Under Section 1031, if all its guidelines are met, the exchange is not a taxable event. Also, similar to tax rules regarding reorganizations - in a 1031 Exchange there is no taxable event and therefore no step-up in basis. The wealth-creation advantage of a 1031 Exchange can be viewed in the chart below. The example depicts two sales of real estate, the initial assumption is that the property has been completely depreciated and the entire $100K of initial equity is a capital gain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Event 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Event 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typical Sale  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1031 Exchange  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Investment experiences 20% appreciation  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typical Sale  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1031 Exchange Equity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  160,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  200,000 Tax  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  16,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0... ...y within the United States and personal property used predominantly outside the United States are not property of a like kind. (B) Predominant use Except as provided in subparagraph [1] (C) and (D), the predominant use of any property shall be determined based on— (i) in the case of the property relinquished in the exchange, the 2-year period ending on the date of such relinquishment, and (ii) in the case of the property acquired in the exchange, the 2-year period beginning on the date of such acquisition. (C) Property held for less than 2 years Except in the case of an exchange which is part of a transaction (or series of transactions) structured to avoid the purposes of this subsection— (i) only the periods the property was held by the person relinquishing the property (or any related person) shall be taken into account under subparagraph (B)(i), and (ii) only the periods the property was held by the person acquiring the property (or any related person) shall be taken into account under subparagraph (B)(ii). (D) Special rule for certain property Property described in any subparagraph of section 168 (g)(4) shall be treated as used predominantly in the United States.

Assess the view that what participant observation lacks in terms of reliability Essay

Assess the view that what participant observation lacks in terms of reliability & representativeness, it more than makes up for in terms of validity. Participant Observation is where the researcher infiltrates themselves into a certain group or gang to study them from within. The researcher usually puts themselves in a position where they are in the main part of the group, and they usually study the activities and attitudes of the different gang/group members. The observation is usually carefully thought through, & it is usually recorded in field notes, and can often take months, even years to complete. Participant Observation usually doesn’t start with a definite hypothesis, so new ideas and thoughts about the group or the way that an idea may turn out usually come through when the observer is part of the group. You can either do overt (people know you are doing it) or covert (undercover) observations, or even a combination of both. Although this may seem like a very kosher method to use, there are quite a few disadvantages of doing this; Bias is a concern because if the observer starts being drawn into the group, their own views will be abandoned because they may start seeing things through the group’s eyes, and may blind the researcher to other views that may be available. The influence of the researcher may also be a problem, because if a group know that they are being studied, they may alter their behaviour, and so the research is pointless. For example, with James Patrick’s study of a Glaswegian Gang, he was suspected of holding back in fights and being reluctant to participate in some of the activities of the Gang, and this was pointed out by a member of the gang, but thankfully, the leader of the Gang stood up for Patrick, because he was the only one who actually knew that the gang was being studied. Ethical Issues are also a problem, because if the researcher goes in really deep with the group, then they may have to illegal or immoral activities, which may go against the researcher’s own values. The actual proof of the study is also a problem because you have no way of replicating the exact study, and so have no way of knowing if the research is true or not. This kind of study is also on too small a scale, and so you cannot repeat it again. Also, due to the micro-ness of it, you cannot make generalisations for the whole population based on one group, or if you were studying gangs and their motives for committing crimes or something like that, you can’t assume that all other gangs will have the same motives. And finally, most researchers like to study the less powerful groups in society, and there has been a debate over whether this is right or not because we can possibly miss the important issues that are going on. However, there are some advantages to using this method, and so we cannot just assume that all sociologists see this as a bad method to use; By joining a certain group, the sociologist would be able to gain knowledge of certain subjects from that group’s point of view, and they would be able to fully understand the sorts of things that were going on, and gaining different perspectives. Also, you can generate new ideas from being in a new group, and this can lead you to new perspectives and ideas. You also get more of the truth and honesty if you are doing overt participant observation, so you can quite easily prove or disprove any hypotheses you have come up with. You are also to dig deeper into the group so to speak, because if you are a part of the group, then you can uncover issues that may normally remain hidden or are secretive. Participant observation is also dynamic because if you are with a group over time, you understand how they work and how attitudes and behaviour change over time. Lastly, you can dig deeper into areas that you aren’t typically able to reach, for example, with young offenders or religious groups. It is, however, simplistic to assume that participant observation will automatically produce valid results, as there are many threats to this validity.

Lawless

SYNOPSIS Creates diversionary program for juveniles who are criminally charged for â€Å"sexting† or posting sexual images. CURRENT VERSION OF TEXT As introduced. An Act creating a diversionary program for certain juveniles, and amending P. L. 1982, c. 81 and supplementing Title 2A of the New Jersey Statutes. Be It Enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of the State of New Jersey: 1. Section 2 of P. L. 1982, c. 81 (C. 2A:4A-71) is amended to read as follows: 2. Review and processing of complaints. a. The jurisdiction of the court in any complaint filed pursuant to section 11 of P. L. 1982, c. 77 (C. A:4A-30) shall extend to the juvenile who is the subject of the complaint and his parents or guardian. b. Every complaint shall be reviewed by court intake services for recommendation as to whether the complaint should be dismissed, diverted, or referred for court action. Where the complaint alleges a crime which, if committed by an adult, would be a crime of the first, second, third or fourth degree, or alleges a repetitive disorderly persons offense or any disorderly persons offense defined in chapter 35 or chapter 36 of Title 2C, the complaint shall be referred for court action, unless the prosecutor otherwise consents to diversion.Court intake services shall consider the following factors in determining whether to recommend diversion: (1) The seriousness of the alleged offense or conduct and the circumstances in which it occurred; (2) The age and maturity of the juvenile; (3) The risk that the juvenile presents as a substantial danger to others; (4) The family circumstances, including any history of drugs, alcohol abuse or child abuse on the part of the juvenile, his parents or guardian; (5) The nature and number of contacts with court intake services and the court that the juvenile or his family have had; 6) The outcome of those contacts, including the services to which the juvenile or family have been referred and the results of those referrals; (7) The availability of appropriate services outside referral to the court; (8) Any recommendations expressed by the victim or complainant, or arresting officer, as to how the case should be resolved; [and] (9) Any recommendation expressed by the county prosecutor; and (10) The offense alleged is an eligible offense pursuant to section 3 of P. L. , c. (C. (pending before the Legislature as this bill) and the juvenile is eligible to participate in the educational reform program set forth section 3 of P. L. ,c. (C. )(pending before the Legislature as this bill). (cf: P. L. 1988, c. 44, s. 17) 2. (New section) Where a complaint against a juvenile pursuant to section 11 of P. L. 1982, c. 77 (C. 2A:4A-30) alleges that the juvenile has committed an eligible offense satisfying the criteria set forth in subsection c. of section 3 of P. L. , c. (C. ) (pending before he Legislature as this bill) and the court has approved diversion of the complaint pursuant to section 4 of P. L. 1982, c. 81 (C. 2A:4A-73) the resolution of the complaint shall include participation in an educational program set forth in 3 of P. L. , c. (C. ) (pending before the Legislature as this bill). 3. (New section). a. As used in P. L. , c. (C. )(pending before the Legislature as this bill), â€Å"eligible offense† means an offense in which: (1) the facts of the case involve the creation, exhibition or distribution of a photograph depicting nudity as defined in N.J. S. 2C:24-4 through the use of an electronic communication device, an interactive wireless communications device or a computer; and (2) the creator and subject of the photograph are juveniles or were juveniles at the time of its making. b. The Attorney General, in consultation with the Administrative Director of the Administrative Office of the Courts, shall develop an educational program for juveniles who have committed an eligible offense as defined under the provisions of subsection a. of this section.A juvenile who successfully co mpletes the program shall have the opportunity to avoid prosecution for the eligible offense. c. Admission to the program shall be limited to cases where: (1) the juvenile has not previously been adjudicated delinquent for or convicted of a crime or offense which, if committed by an adult, would constitute aggravated sexual assault; sexual assault; aggravated assault; aggravated criminal sexual contact; endangering the welfare of a child pursuant to N. J. S. 2C:24-4; luring or enticing a child pursuant to section 1 of P. L. 1993, c. 291 (C. C:13-6); luring or enticing an adult pursuant to section 1 of P. L. 2005, c. 1 (C. 2C:13-7) or an attempt to commit any of the enumerated offenses; (2) the juvenile was not aware that his actions could constitute and did not have the intent to commit a criminal offense; (3) there is a likelihood that the juvenile’s offense is related to a condition or situation that would be conducive to change through his participation in the educational program; and (4) the benefits to society in admitting the juvenile into this educational program outweigh the harm done to society by abandoning criminal prosecution. . The educational program shall provide information concerning: (1) the legal consequences of and penalties for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials, including applicable federal and State statutes; (2) the non-legal consequences of sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials including, but not limited to, the effect on relationships, loss of educational and employment opportunities, and being barred or removed from school programs and extracurricular activities; 3) how the unique characteristics of cyberspace and the Internet, including searchibility, replicability, and an infinite audience, can produce long-term and unforeseen consequences for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials; and (4) the possible connection between bullying and cyber-bullying and juveniles sharing sexually suggest ive or explicit materials. e. The Attorney General may promulgate guidelines to effectuate the provisions of this act. 4. This act shall take effect on the first day of the seventh month after enactment. STATEMENTThis bill establishes an educational program as an alternative to prosecution for certain juveniles who are charged with a criminal offense for posting sexually suggestive or sexually explicit photographs, or who engage in the behavior commonly known as â€Å"sexting,† in which these pictures are transmitted via cell phones. The bill provides that where a complaint against a juvenile alleges that the juvenile has committed an â€Å"eligible offense† and the court approves diversion of the complaint, the resolution of the complaint would include participation in the educational program created by the bill.The bill defines an â€Å"eligible offense† as an offense in which: (1) the facts of the case involve the creation, exhibition or distribution of a pho tograph depicting nudity as defined in N. J. S. A. 2C:24-4 through the use of an electronic communication device, an interactive wireless communications device or a computer; and (2) the creator and subject of the photograph are juveniles or were juveniles at the time of its making. Under the bill, the Attorney General, in consultation with the Administrative Office of the Courts, would develop an educational program for these juveniles.A juvenile who successfully completes the program would have the opportunity to avoid prosecution for the offense. Admission to the program would be limited to cases where: (1) the juvenile has not previously been adjudicated delinquent for or convicted of a crime or offense which, if committed by an adult, would constitute aggravated sexual assault; sexual assault; aggravated assault; aggravated criminal sexual contact; endangering the welfare of a child; luring or enticing a child; luring or enticing an adult or an attempt to commit any of the enum erated offenses; 2) the juvenile was not aware that his actions could constitute, and did not have the intent to commit, a criminal offense; (3) there is a likelihood that the juvenile’s offense is related to a condition or situation that would be conducive to change through his participation in the educational program; and (4) the benefits to society in admitting the juvenile into this educational program outweigh the harm done to society by abandoning criminal prosecution.The educational program would provide information concerning: (1) the legal consequences of and penalties for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials, including applicable federal and State statutes; (2) the non-legal consequences of sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials including, but not limited to, the effect on relationships, loss of educational and employment opportunities, and being barred or removed from school programs and extracurricular activities; 3) how the unique characte ristics of cyberspace and the Internet, including searchibility, replicability, and an infinite audience, can produce long-term and unforeseen consequences for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials; and (4) the possible connection between bullying and cyber-bullying and juveniles sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials. In addition, the bill amends N. J. S. A. 2A:4A-71 to specifically provide for the diversion of juveniles into the newly created educational program created under the bill as one of the enumerated recommendations which can be made by the court.SYNOPSIS Creates diversionary program for juveniles who are criminally charged for â€Å"sexting† or posting sexual images. CURRENT VERSION OF TEXT As introduced. An Act creating a diversionary program for certain juveniles, and amending P. L. 1982, c. 81 and supplementing Title 2A of the New Jersey Statutes. Be It Enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of the State of New Jersey: 1. Section 2 of P. L. 1982, c. 81 (C. 2A:4A-71) is amended to read as follows: 2. Review and processing of complaints. a. The jurisdiction of the court in any complaint filed pursuant to section 11 of P. L. 1982, c. 77 (C. A:4A-30) shall extend to the juvenile who is the subject of the complaint and his parents or guardian. b. Every complaint shall be reviewed by court intake services for recommendation as to whether the complaint should be dismissed, diverted, or referred for court action. Where the complaint alleges a crime which, if committed by an adult, would be a crime of the first, second, third or fourth degree, or alleges a repetitive disorderly persons offense or any disorderly persons offense defined in chapter 35 or chapter 36 of Title 2C, the complaint shall be referred for court action, unless the prosecutor otherwise consents to diversion.Court intake services shall consider the following factors in determining whether to recommend diversion: (1) The seriousness of the alleged offen se or conduct and the circumstances in which it occurred; (2) The age and maturity of the juvenile; (3) The risk that the juvenile presents as a substantial danger to others; (4) The family circumstances, including any history of drugs, alcohol abuse or child abuse on the part of the juvenile, his parents or guardian; (5) The nature and number of contacts with court intake services and the court that the juvenile or his family have had; 6) The outcome of those contacts, including the services to which the juvenile or family have been referred and the results of those referrals; (7) The availability of appropriate services outside referral to the court; (8) Any recommendations expressed by the victim or complainant, or arresting officer, as to how the case should be resolved; [and] (9) Any recommendation expressed by the county prosecutor; and (10) The offense alleged is an eligible offense pursuant to section 3 of P. L. , c. (C. (pending before the Legislature as this bill) and the juvenile is eligible to participate in the educational reform program set forth section 3 of P. L. ,c. (C. )(pending before the Legislature as this bill). (cf: P. L. 1988, c. 44, s. 17) 2. (New section) Where a complaint against a juvenile pursuant to section 11 of P. L. 1982, c. 77 (C. 2A:4A-30) alleges that the juvenile has committed an eligible offense satisfying the criteria set forth in subsection c. of section 3 of P. L. , c. (C. ) (pending before the Legislature as this bill) and the court has approved diversion of the complaint pursuant to section 4 of P.L. 1982, c. 81 (C. 2A:4A-73) the resolution of the complaint shall include participation in an educational program set forth in 3 of P. L. , c. (C. ) (pending before the Legislature as this bill). 3. (New section). a. As used in P. L. , c. (C. )(pending before the Legislature as this bill), â€Å"eligible offense† means an offense in which: (1) the facts of the case involve the creation, exhibition or distribution of a photograph depicting nudity as defined in N. J. S. 2C:24-4 through the use of an electronic communication device, an interactive wireless communications device or a computer; and 2) the creator and subject of the photograph are juveniles or were juveniles at the time of its making. b. The Attorney General, in consultation with the Administrative Director of the Administrative Office of the Courts, shall develop an educational program for juveniles who have committed an eligible offense as defined under the provisions of subsection a. of this section. A juvenile who successfully completes the program shall have the opportunity to avoid prosecution for the eligible offense. c.Admission to the program shall be limited to cases where: (1) the juvenile has not previously been adjudicated delinquent for or convicted of a crime or offense which, if committed by an adult, would constitute aggravated sexual assault; sexual assault; aggravated assault; aggravated criminal sexual contact; en dangering the welfare of a child pursuant to N. J. S. 2C:24-4; luring or enticing a child pursuant to section 1 of P. L. 1993, c. 291 (C. 2C:13-6); luring or enticing an adult pursuant to section 1 of P. L. 2005, c. 1 (C. C:13-7) or an attempt to commit any of the enumerated offenses; (2) the juvenile was not aware that his actions could constitute and did not have the intent to commit a criminal offense; (3) there is a likelihood that the juvenile’s offense is related to a condition or situation that would be conducive to change through his participation in the educational program; and (4) the benefits to society in admitting the juvenile into this educational program outweigh the harm done to society by abandoning criminal prosecution. . The educational program shall provide information concerning: (1) the legal consequences of and penalties for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials, including applicable federal and State statutes; (2) the non-legal consequences of sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials including, but not limited to, the effect on relationships, loss of educational and employment opportunities, and being barred or removed from school programs and extracurricular activities; 3) how the unique characteristics of cyberspace and the Internet, including searchibility, replicability, and an infinite audience, can produce long-term and unforeseen consequences for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials; and (4) the possible connection between bullying and cyber-bullying and juveniles sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials. e. The Attorney General may promulgate guidelines to effectuate the provisions of this act. 4. This act shall take effect on the first day of the seventh month after enactment. STATEMENTThis bill establishes an educational program as an alternative to prosecution for certain juveniles who are charged with a criminal offense for posting sexually suggestive or sexually explicit pho tographs, or who engage in the behavior commonly known as â€Å"sexting,† in which these pictures are transmitted via cell phones. The bill provides that where a complaint against a juvenile alleges that the juvenile has committed an â€Å"eligible offense† and the court approves diversion of the complaint, the resolution of the complaint would include participation in the educational program created by the bill.The bill defines an â€Å"eligible offense† as an offense in which: (1) the facts of the case involve the creation, exhibition or distribution of a photograph depicting nudity as defined in N. J. S. A. 2C:24-4 through the use of an electronic communication device, an interactive wireless communications device or a computer; and (2) the creator and subject of the photograph are juveniles or were juveniles at the time of its making. Under the bill, the Attorney General, in consultation with the Administrative Office of the Courts, would develop an educatio nal program for these juveniles.A juvenile who successfully completes the program would have the opportunity to avoid prosecution for the offense. Admission to the program would be limited to cases where: (1) the juvenile has not previously been adjudicated delinquent for or convicted of a crime or offense which, if committed by an adult, would constitute aggravated sexual assault; sexual assault; aggravated assault; aggravated criminal sexual contact; endangering the welfare of a child; luring or enticing a child; luring or enticing an adult or an attempt to commit any of the enumerated offenses; 2) the juvenile was not aware that his actions could constitute, and did not have the intent to commit, a criminal offense; (3) there is a likelihood that the juvenile’s offense is related to a condition or situation that would be conducive to change through his participation in the educational program; and (4) the benefits to society in admitting the juvenile into this educational program outweigh the harm done to society by abandoning criminal prosecution.The educational program would provide information concerning: (1) the legal consequences of and penalties for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials, including applicable federal and State statutes; (2) the non-legal consequences of sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials including, but not limited to, the effect on relationships, loss of educational and employment opportunities, and being barred or removed from school programs and extracurricular activities; 3) how the unique characteristics of cyberspace and the Internet, including searchibility, replicability, and an infinite audience, can produce long-term and unforeseen consequences for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials; and (4) the possible connection between bullying and cyber-bullying and juveniles sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials. In addition, the bill amends N. J. S. A. 2A:4A-71 to specifically provide for the diversion of juveniles into the newly created educational program created under the bill as one of the enumerated recommendations which can be made by the court.